Melation and Aging Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Melation and Aging - Research Paper Example The level increases up to optimum when we are youths and latter starts declining. Many theories such as that from Hajak et al. (2003) have been put forward to explain the relationship between aging process and melatonin but none has explicitly explained the connection. This paper will explore some of the major issues involved in the hypothesis that melatonin can prolong and bring back the youthful memories. But in my findings, melatonin is just but a drug which can boost the melatonin hormone level in our body but not able prolonging or supplementing age. Introduction Melatonin is a hormone secreted in the brain from the amino acid tryptophan within the pineal. It is a naturally occurring compound and found in animals, human beings, plants and microbes. It was discovered in 1958 by Aaron Lerner and his colleagues. It is also called hormone of darkness simply because it is produced in darkness, highest percentage produced during night hours at bed side. It aging on the other hand mean s or it refers to post-maturational process that leads to decrease in homeostasis and increased vulnerability of the organism more so diseases. There has been close study on the relationship between the melatonin and the aging whether it improves or not. Zhdanova et al. (2006) claim that melatonin percentage in the body decreases as we grow old and their claims are just based on mere observation that older people do sleep less compared to younger ones. Their study also has explored other functions of melatonin not only the hypothesis but also what they termed as â€Å"a supplement to the aging but as a medicine to boost sleeping in aged people and also as treatment in† (pp. 899–907). Melatonin and Aging People all over the world wish to remain youthful and the issue of aging brings many problems and any solution to it will be gladly welcomed. Dollins et al. (2006) agree that theories and speculations relating melatonin and aging have been put forward but none of them h ave fully or clearly given their relationship. This compound no doubt is very vital in human life and one of study in the university of Granada, Spain carried out by Stone (2005) has proved that melatonin assist in controlling weight gain, also improves the blood lipids profile by reduction in triglycerides which increases level of good cholesterol HDL and at the same time lowering negative cholesterol called LDL. The general levels of melatonin vary greatly throughout one’s life span. The first time melatonin is created is when a child is three months old and that is when most people start to sleep. There is a rapid increase in the level and it peaks between the age of three and four years of age, this level fall back to a plateau and it remains constant throughout adulthood. The level starts to decline as we age up. The graph below shows circadian profiles of serum melatonin concentrations in human at various ages. Areas marked with black indicate period of darkness. By the time we are approaching seventies, the melatonin level decreases in our body to about a quarter of the original normal level when compared with time when one is young. It is thought that the drop may be associated with calcification of the pineal gland as we age

Smoking Should Be Banned Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Smoking Should Be Banned - Research Paper Example But is it about making money or ensuring good health for everyone in the society? Human beings should be able to choose life and health than unnecessarily expensive addictions like smoking and that’s why smoking should be globally banned. The human population is categorized into smokers and non smokers. Smokers are known to infringe on the rights of non smokers in the society (Cunningham 14). Their open smoking in public places like playgrounds, parks and beaches triggers coughing or asthma attacks from the passive smoking by in non smokers. The stench that comes out of the lit cigarettes also makes the open air ridiculously unbearable. Smoking increases the chances of sudden infant death syndrome (Hanson, Venturelli and Fleckenstein 42).Sudden infant death is when there is an explained death of an infant usually between two and four months. Smokers however forget that smoke is in gaseous form and therefore easily reaches children whose lungs have not properly developed. Smoki ng leads to lung, mouth, larynx, ladder, liver and other common cancers. It is also known to be largest cause of cancer deaths. For these reasons, there should be a decree that prohibits smoking. Banning of smoking is the basic move to make to show respect for every human beings right to free movement, association and right to admission to public places (Hudson 19).with this they are easily able to move freely without being scared of inhaling smoke that have adverse effects on their health. Air pollution is one the effects of smoking globally, it is the governments initiative to ensure that smoking is banned to ensure a balanced ecosystem for every living organism, including the smokers themselves. â€Å"The release of dangerous chemicals into the environment by smokers is the best definition of a selfish move† (Hudson 27). If the government is able to bar smoking, it will prompt the smokers to slow down, cut back and probably quit smoking because it will be harder to smoke o n the rise of a smoking urge. It makes sense for people to stop smoking all together because it a financial and health benefit to them. Smoking evidently is an expensive addiction. The most addicted smokers use up to two packets of cigarette daily, which will round up to an average of forty cigarettes in a day. Clearly this is not a cheap addiction to venture in. Smoking helps you save the money and spend on vacation with your family or live larger. In any case, a Wisconsin-based study carried out in 2002, 16%of the light smokers do it for recreational reasons. This will be the first to bail out in case of a ban. In as much as smokers think banning smoking is an infringement on their liberty as citizens, and that the government should not dictate how they live especially with the hefty amount of taxes they pay, it still stands that making laws that disallow smoking is beneficial to the society in that it protects patron and staff at a work place. Most employees have picked up smoke related diseases from their work places, sometimes because their workmates smoke. There is no law that [protects such people and that is why smoking should be banned. Usually in such cases, the employer sucks the employee in question and hires a â€Å"smoke tolerant person† leading to unemployment and one more addition to baseless decision ever mad because nobody is smoke- effects –proof (Hanson et al 20). As vague is sometimes sounds to most smokers, the bother of ones hair and

The book of money ball

The book of money ball Main points of the reading The book of Money ball is mainly concern with the idea of explaining way the Oakland Athletics (Oakland As), one of the poorest teams in baseball, won so many games in 2002. The main character of the book, is Billy Bean, the manager of the Oakland As. Billy with the help of his assistant Paul DePodestas and inspire by Bill James tries to find ways to rethink the game of baseball and create new knowledge that helps as a basis to measure the baseball players and determine their respective value. Billy wanted to change the way traditional baseball has been thought until this moment. He hired Paul DePodestas, a Harvard economics graduate a and mathematician, with his help, both started analyzing statistics of baseball to decide which players are the most undervalued. The Scouts tendency was to analyze players for what they could see with their own eyes and predict their future (including the way they physically look. Ex: Jeremy Brown), in the other hand Billy and Paul thought that a player is not what he physically looks like or what they might become in the future, but rather, the players are what they have done. Billys first contact to knowledge baseball was in 1993, when he joined the front office of the Oakland As manage by Sandy Alderson (an educated lawyer from San Francisco). Anderson with the help of Erik Walker and inspired by Bill James began to analyze and understand the knowledge of baseball. Bill James is considered the father of Sabremetrics (The study of truth and reality of baseball), he started publishing since 1997 the Baseball Abstract, where he included statistical information of baseball. James thought that courting things was the only way to understand the truth in baseball, he wanted to change the way baseball statistics where measure today, they were one time established by a British Journalist called Chadwick. James created a model to predict how many runs each team makes: This model was focus in the value of walks and extra base hits, instead of batting average and stolen basis. Bill James also concluded that â€Å"college players are a better investment than high school players† In 1983 Bill James also described the law of competitive balance in his baseball abstract: 1.-Every form of strength covers one weakness and create another, every form of strength is also a form of weakness, 2.-The balance of strategies always favors the team behind, 3.-Psychologytends to pull winners down and push the losers upward. There were other people interested in baseball, which also focus in the evaluation of the sport. Cramer and Palmer also created another model. Cramer demonstrated that baseball players didnt perform different in different circumstances Pau fund two statics that correlated mostly in a winning percentage that is based in the on base-percentage and the slugging percentage. He concluded that an extra point of the on-base percentage is worth more than 3 times an extra point of slugging percentage. This helped evaluate the offense. The method to analyze the defense arose from financial market. Mauriello and Armbruster created a method evaluated the defense by quantifying every event. The Oakland As got the system and analyze it pitfalls to understand in a better way the value of the defense. With all this new knowledge, they replaced the loos of Damons defense with more offense. The knowledge help Billy and Paul realized that if they could not afford a player, they could replace it by recreating its aggregate. Another strategy that the team made was to replace Giambi with Hatterberg, who later in 2002, became the best offense in baseball. Hatterberg believe that every hitter had a weakness that needs to be found. Another important part of Billys success, was his ability to trade. The Oakland As had a strategy for the second half of the season, that consist in the acquired of players whose price declined due to the reduce in cost of other teams who had lost. Billy had 5 principle rules in trading that he always applied: Change is always good, the day you say you have to do something you are screwed, because you are going to make a deal, Know exactly how much every player worth, Know what you want and go after it, Every deal will be criticize by public opinion. Billy Bean made other changes and trades, like replacing Giambi by his brother Jeremy, trading with Omar Minaya, the Montreal Expos General Manager ( Arrojo, Seung-jun Song and Youkilis-The god of Walks). The book also mentions the story of Chad Branfords to introduce a way of analyzing pitchers. Branford was an undervalue player. Paul started being interested in him after reading the work of Voros McCracken (A paralegal in Chicago) who analyze baseball statics and came up with a measure called DIPS (defense independent pitch statics) to analyze pitchers. In the regular season of 2002 the As won 103 games in the American League West. This showed that even with the lowest payroll a team can become successful. Billy bean and his new management style in baseball changed the way baseball organization is managed. The regular season of 2002 the As won 103 games in the American League West this proved that even though the players with the lowest payroll can get the best players if they know how to choose. Billy Bean and his new management style, change the way organizations are being managed. An example of this is the Blue Jays and Red Sox, who adopted the Sabremetrics science. Practical implication As seen in the course, Jeff Hawks define intelligence as predictions, then business intelligence can be describe as the use of the data to better predict the future. We can see through Moneyball that Bill James, Billy Bean, Paul DePedesta and some others have used business intelligence to understand and predict the future of their players in the baseball game. The book demonstrate that organizations with a data-driven culture and the use of business intelligence (BI) tools are able to create a competitive advantage. Taking the book like a basis we can see how Billy Bean went through a process of rational decision making that along with the use of BI applications led the Oaklands to succeed. The rational decision process that he followed was the following Identify a problem.-The Oakland As cannot afford recognize player, but they need to find ways to succeed Think up alternative solutions.-Look for players that can create value for the team Evaluate alternatives and select a solution.-Find the KPI or indicator that gives the best on base percentage and slugging percentage (measures to evaluate baseball) The process of rational decision making along with quantitative tools can be used by many enterprises to become more efficient and improve their performance finding valuable indicators to analyze their resources. The book shows how Billy Bean changes the subjective analysis to an objective one. Two important aspects of the book and lessons can be applied to any kind of business and industries: It is very important to take into account the informations that is hidden behind the business and find the data that will led to generate knowledge. Business change is many times very difficult and complicated. Is hard for enterprises to change their habits and way of doing things. The problem that many enterprises are facing nowadays is that we as people tend to relay in rules of thumbs, habits or traditions instead of finding ways to improve their organizations and to obtain knowledge through our data. Even though these organizations are reluctant to change, every time is more evident that change is imperative and analysis of the data will avoid subjective thinking and will bring success. Due to the advance in technologies there has been and increment in the amount of tools in the market that help to create analytics and business intelligence, this makes it easier for more organizations to implement the idea behind the Moneyball book. The future of business intelligence is very promising, many industries like health care, government, education and many more starting to understand the benefits of this tools and the importance of acquiring new type of knowledge. Based in a news article (Gartner Reveals Five Business Intelligence Predictions for 2009 and Beyond, 2009) the future of business intelligence is expected to be as followed: By 2010 20% of the organizations will have a BI tool. Trough 2012 there is an estimated of more than 35% of the top 5,000 global companies, will falter in the decision process due to a lack of BI tools. By 2012 the budget allotment for business intelligence tools will be at least of 40% Opinion and comments The book of Moneyball is really interesting and made me reflect a lot. Even though it is a little bit technical and some parts where hard to understand, the book broadens my perspective of the importance of using data and business intelligence as a resource to understand some hidden aspects of business without matter what type of industry business are in. I believe that now that I am on my last semester of my MBA and Im about to enter a professional world, it is really important to be aware of the benefits that statistics and analytical tools bring in a business environment. This awareness, will help me focus on the aspects of business intelligence, mainly the data gathering and statistic and quantitative analysis to create KPI that help in the measure of business performance The book left on me the desire to analyze something new, to look for patterns in everything around me, in an effort to understand the world with a different perspective and create a change in peoples life. In God we trust; all others must bring data. W. Edwards Deming Works Cited Gartner Reveals Five Business Intelligence Predictions for 2009 and Beyond. (2009, 01 15). Lewis, M. M. (2003). Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game. New York.

Global Media, Global Culture Essay

‘The boundaries that separate one nation from another are no more real than the equator. They are merely convenient demarcations of ethnic, linguistic and cultural entities. They do not define business requirements or consumer trends.'(IBM). Boundaries delimit countries. Or, at least, this is their function. Boundaries separate traditions, languages, governments, currencies, people, economies and cultures. But, is this true? Nationalisms are rising in a world that tends to the globalization. Is it so that we are all equal for the multinational companies? There are a lot of definitions of globalization. Most of the definitions (to not say all of them) are related with the capitalism system. According with Marà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ez globalization has three steps in the history until arrives to the actual situation: â€Å"We can understand globalisation in two senses. In a wider sense, it means the expansive tendency that took place in the capitalist system. This concept talks about the power that drove capitalism to go across the boundaries to look for raw material and new markets. In a strict sense it means a concrete phase that begins with three concrete historical facts: the success of the neo-liberal powers such as USA or United Kingdom (Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher), the foreign debt in the Third World (1982) and the fall of Berlin’s wall in 1989†. Sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ez (1999), p. 12 All of us (I’m referring to the develop countries) are connected between computers and internet, press, radio, television and cinema. We can learn new traditions or new ways of life with each media. Everybody knows who is Nicole Kidman or Gucci. We can drink a Coke with a Big Mac in somewhere. There are not boundaries for information or products. We can see the same advertisement in US or in India. But are not they different? Don’t they have different culture, tradition or language? New ways of advertisement can overcome the boundaries. Only have to show images and sell the products without words. The media configures our lives, our way behaviours, our minds. They make us. They are cultural factories. They make the perfect target to the products, the perfect consumers’ trends. The national identity is threatened. â€Å"Young people drink the same soft drinks, smoke the same cigarettes, wear identical branded clothing and shoes, play the same computer games, watch the same Hollywood films and listen to the same Western pop music.† Ellwood, W. (2001): pp.53. Governments make pacts about laws and economy. The European countries are being united in the European Union (EU). Although the citizen of each country have different tradition, they culture is very similar and is almost like the American one. These countries share currencies, economics’ politics and, in soon time, laws. â€Å"The challenge of producing and marketing in many countries, with many currencies, has fed the creation of modern international money market and currency trading.† Davis, J (1999): pp.38 Countries member of the European Union share a European Parliament, Justice Court of the European Communities, European Central Banc, Committee of the Regions and so on. The products of each country can transfer boundaries without taxes. These products are sold without differences in each country. It doesn’t matter if are German or Italian. The products are sold like if they were from the same town. They share a new globalizated culture. Somehow this globalizated culture has adopted elements characteristics from each country. In this way the globalizated culture can survive. â€Å"Business are in the business of government and governments are in the business of business.† Sivanandan, A. (1999): pp.9. Sivanandan makes a perfect summary of as the governments are in disposition of the great companies. And these companies want to make only one market around the world. In this way, they only have to make only one marketing campaign. Helped by mass media and governments, multinationals can obtain their objectives. Governments take profits of the business and help to the great companies to develop their plans. Countries depend on the others in the production of their products. They have decentralized the production of the products in different countries looking for a cheap manual labour. â€Å"This stretching of the boundaries of the economically possible by new technologies happens at al points of the circuit of capital – in production, and in the circulation of commodities and money. As companies, driven to expand profits, take advantage of the new boundaries, the components of â€Å"globalisation† take shape.† Davis, J (1999), pp.38 But in this world where culture and business are globalizated, nationalism take more popularity around the countries. Nobody wants to lose his identity. They mixed the globalizated culture (American culture) and the traditional culture. French person will keep it traditions and way of life but will wear the same cloth, will drink the same drink, will eat the same food and will see the same films than a Cyprus or Turkey person. In conclusion, globalization is a process that shows two faces: the first one shows the differences between countries and the diversity around the world, creating a nationalism and pride to belong to a country. And on the other hand shows how the countries depends on the others and there are similitude between countries, cultures and markets. In this way, I agree with the topic of the assignment: boundaries only delimit ethnics, languages and cultural entities. Marketing, mass media, governments and multinationals have made disappear the boundaries and the great differences between the cultures creating an only and great world-wide market. Reference list: – Marà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ez, V. M. (1999) Globalizacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n, nuevas tecnologà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½as y comunicacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n. Madrid: Ediciones de la Torre, pp. 12 – Davis, J (1999) â€Å"Race & Class: The threat of Globalism† (Vol.40, no.2/3, 1998-1999), London: Institute of Race Relation, pp.38 – Sivanandan, A. (1999) )†Racism, culture, markets†, London: Institute of Race Relation, pp.9 – Ellwood, W. (2001). The no-nonsense guide to globalization. London;Oxford, pp.53 Bibliography: – Marà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ez, V. M. (1999) Globalizacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n, nuevas tecnologà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½as y comunicacià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n. Madrid: Ediciones de la Torre – (1999) â€Å"Race & Class: The threat of Globalism† (Vol.40, no.2/3, 1998-1999), London: Institute of Race Relation – Sivanandan, A. (1999) )†Racism, culture, markets†, London: Institute of Race Relation – Ellwood, W. (2001). The no-nonsense guide to globalization. London;Oxford – Gabriel, J. (1994) Racism, Culture, Markets. New York: Routledge

American life at 1920s Essay

The sound of bullets abroad ended, but the ring of change in America blasted as large as a bullet. As the Great War ended, change manifested America and it was never to be the same. With a stock market boom, consolidation of businesses, and an increase in buying power, American life became modernized. The automobile was introduced as it ushered in a new era of society and increased freedom. Family pressures diminished as children began to explore the world as their own through being a flapper, dancing to jazz, or living the glamorous life that authors like F. Scott Fitzgerald idolized in the twenties. These changes did not arrive without a continuous longing for a prewar era of control, laissez faire government, and a sense of normalcy. These tensions were manifested in ideas like the Red Scare and the prohibition. Although change survived, the difference in ideas between old and new ways created tensions within American society that was eventually manifested to form a new, modernized culture. From the new advances in technology and in business (1), a new culture of youth usurped the traditional voice of society and questioned the roles thrust upon them (2), but it also created a racist and nativist country (3). In post WWI, the technology in American homes became more advanced due to the modernization of America’s economy and business. After a recession that began in the twenties, the stock market boomed, reflecting the growing prosperity of America (EV 712). In the pre WWI era, laissez faire capitalism and the support of big business was how the government ran the economy. Throughout the war, the government intervened in the economy, doing away with big business, and enlarged their presence to the delight of reformers. There was an increase in strikes from workers asking for higher tariffs. After the war, the government imposed high tariffs such as the Fordney-McCumber Tariff and Smoot-Hawley Tariff, which were enacted to protect growing business and prosperity of domestic manufacturers (EV 713). They also encouraged the consolidation of big businesses, and even if companies did not merge, the companies cooperated in price fixes and markets (EV 714). Because of the given protection and consolidation, businesses were able to create mass produced goods and lower the prices of their goods to sell to their consumers which was defined by one word: Fordism (EV 714). The methods provided luxuries that past generations were unable to obtain as they decreased production time, cost, and created leisure time. The companies,  led by Henry Ford, began to increase the pay of their workers (EV 714). This increased pay led to greater buying power of the workers who were also the consumers (Doc E). Strikes decreased and unions, like the AFL and the IWW, declined in membership because of the pay increase, inability to cope with new manufacturing abilities, and the desire of management to use ways like the â€Å"American Plan† to destroy unions (EV 716). From the pay raise and continuous decline of prices and manufacturing, the technology increased. The greatest achievement of the twenties that was manifested from the new business system was the automobile. Led by Ford, General Motors, and Chrysler, the automobile led the way in changing America (EV 712). The new, affordable invention created a new America by giving the youth independence while bringing families together (EV 721). Cars created an easier way to get around, creating a more modern society (Doc F). It embodied the change in America as an offspring of the tensions from big businesses as society realized it needed this new version of buying on credit, merging businesses, and leisure time to sustain a contemporar y culture and technology. The technology adapted in this era fell away from the idea of all work and no play as workers were now able to escape their feeble lives through conveniences, like movies, radios, and television. Through this new technology and advancement in business, Americans broke from traditional ideas and changed into a new and modern culture. Societal changes between youth, women, and culture emerged in the post WWI era. The children and teenagers of the era before the war were ignored and restricted. They lived a Victorian lifestyle that meant that they were seen, but not heard. As the war emerged, the youth felt they had reached adulthood much faster than their parents due to the responsibility that was thrust upon them (Dear Parents). This shocked the older generation because of the activities that the younger generation enjoyed. With an increase in entertainment, movies and music, the youth broke traditional ties. The old tradition was to court someone that was appropriate to marry; the new idea was to date with no intention of marriage. Things like petting and necking became mainstream, and the youth became much more open about their sexual lives, a topic condemned before the war (Doc. B). In addition to the youth, women made a more prominent role in society. Women began to break away from ideas of separate spheres during the war. Before the war, women were meant to fulfil  their motherly duties by teaching others the good and bad of society, like smoking (Doc. J). But during the war, women stepped up and replaced the men in the jobs they left vacant. As they took men’s jobs and roles in society, they established a greater confidence in themselves. This confidence allowed them to stand up to men and led to an increase in divorce rates (Doc. K). Their heightened presence in the workforce made it an excellent time to increase their political might. Organizations like National American Woman Suffrage Association and Woman’s Party fought for the right to vote (EV 658). The 19th amendment was enacted in 1920 allowing women the right to vote which gave women the chance to voice their opinions and establish independence (EV 673). With their increased political influence, women increased their educational standards. More women started going to college, becoming more liberal and breaking traditional ties (Doc. D). Through the liberal ideas and the haze of post war, the flapper movement emerged. A flapper was a liberal woman who displayed w ild fashion and modern ideas (Dear Parents). With all these changes occurring in youth and women, culture began to modernize. The mentality before the war was to make a life before living life (Dear Parents). The idea was to save money, but as people began to see the lives that were being lost at the front, they started to live their life to the fullest as shown by Lindbergh flying across the Atlantic and putting â€Å"ethics† above the desire of money (Doc. I). There was much more leisure time as innovations took over menial jobs. The increase in leisure time caused an increase in entertainment, like the radio and movies (EV 724). Also, family time was a cherished event before the war, but with the emergence of cars, a new sense of freedom emerged (EV 721). With this new sense of freedom, prohibition became a joke. Before the war most of the country, besides immigrants, backed the idea of temperance and a law to stop the consumption and distribution of alcohol. So the 18th amendment was enacted in 1919, which was prohibition (EV 673). But almost three years after the law was enforced, people began to ignore it. From the beginning the Volstead Act was weakly enforced and underfunded, and New York was the first state to repeal it in 1923 (EV 736). Places like night clubs began to spring up to thwart the act (Doc. A). The rate of intoxication arrests increased (Doc. C) and gangs emerged rivaling to control the liquor business (EV 737). This modernization in culture brought upon the questioning of  truth. The traditional view was that God created mankind and everything was based on the Bible. In the 1920s though, advances in science and research was encouraged. People began to believe Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. This created a clash between the old and the new. The people who believed in the biblical ideology called themselves Fundamentalists and wanted to ban the education of evolution in schools. William Jennings Bryan endorsed this cause (Doc. G) and so did fundamentalist Aimee McPherson who enco uraged many to join her side through her charisma (Doc. L). John T. Scopes, a believer in evolution, went against this law and taught evolution to his class. This led to the Scopes Trial which found Scopes guilty, but led to a change in thought and a break from biblical ideas. Through the changes of youth from traditionalism to liberalism, their ideas changed reflected in the rebellion against the prohibition and the change of women’s roles. The idea of control was seen to be diminished as the questioning of ideas once unquestioned, like evolutionary versus biblical, were thrown into the limelight. These fears of change and control made the society into a contemporary thinking, but led to the nativism and Americanism that prevailed American thought. In the post WWI era, nativist sentiments and racist tendencies were rampant. Up to 1890, immigrants mainly came from the Northern and Western parts of Europe, Americans welcomed them and attempted to help them in the Progressive Era. But, as immigrants started coming from Southern and Eastern Europe and Asia, they didn’t assimilate and the melting pot ideology was ending (Doc. Q). The popular sentiment now was 100% Americanism partially due to major propaganda efforts during the war. These nativists believed that there was sufficient population and immigrants were overcrowding the country (Doc. O). This popular movement resulted in a shift in the government’s policies to support the people’s wants. The government enacted a quota limit act on May 19, 1921 and an Immigration Act in 1924 which limited the number of aliens of a nationality to 2 percent of the population (Doc. M). Many organizations, like the American Legion, backed the government in their decisions (Doc. N). With the government executing the laws, the Supreme Court enforced them through their cases. The case of Sacco and Vanzetti exhibits the Court’s bias towards nativists(Sacco Vanzetti). More anti-immigrant sentiment was created when the new Bolshevik regime took over in Russia(EV 706). This Russian Revolution caused the Red  Scare to take over in America, in which nativists believed Russian-Americans were trying to instill communism in the government(Doc. P) and deported them through the Palmer raids (Red Scare). Along with the immigrants, African Americans were being alienated. After Reco nstruction, African Americans were trying to blend in with the whites, but this became difficult because of the Jim Crow laws creating segregation(EV 655). Even as they fought in WWI, the armies were segregated by race(EV 690). Because of the segregation, African Americans had to create their own identity. With the spread of jazz music (EV 726) and their great migration north for better jobs, the Harlem Renaissance was born in the 1920s (EV 728) which allowed blacks to become confident in themselves and their race (Doc. H). But this confidence did not help their circumstance with the whites as shown through the revival of the Ku Klux Klan, which now targeted blacks and immigrants (EV 734), and the mass race riot of Rosewood (Doc. R). The emergence of the KKK caused people like Marcus Garvey to urge black independence and summon them back to Africa (EV 735). Immigrants and African Americans were trying to find a home in the nation called the melting pot, yet they were rejected by Americans because of the new sentiment caused by the war. It was through the changes and the tensions in the twenties that changed society through its manifestations. The automobile prevailed as the leader of the changes as it increased the freedom of the youth that lead the change from traditional conservatism to liberalism that affected all branches of society, including the mistreatment of immigrants and minorities. All of these tensions felt within this era manifested in a way to make America brilliantly prosperous and live the legend of the roaring twenties that is always glorified. But it was through these ideas that America would eventually succumb to through a Great Depression.

Health information technology - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5291 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Health Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Technology and employee attitude, Motivation, Job satisfaction and Health ABSTRACT While creating this report we tried to present technology from different point of view. We can see that the technology has both a positive and negative side in society. Positive in a sense that peoples life cycle is changing. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Health information technology" essay for you Create order They are motivated to do work. Even the companies can expand their business and can be connected by network with the other branches. Technology development is also seen beneficial for health. New equipments are invented that is causing various maladies to be cured. Technology has a huge impact on performance of people. They are enthusiastic to do any kind of job which is related to the technology. So the help of technology in our life is countless yet since it leads to deskilling. An effect on worker who once needed a skill but no longer needed as it has been taken up by new technology. Technology has made people idle as well as made the work easier and time consuming for the people. In this whole report we basically focused on how technology has impact on individual segment like employee attitude, motivation, job satisfaction and health. A study investigated the effects of new technologies, specifically visual display units, on psychosomatic complaints and job satisfaction. Attentio n was focused on the influences of the work situation (job contents, employee participation), of attitudes and individual differences. The report contains the effect of technology in different sector and how the researchers differentiated those. Here we have added fifteen abstract on the different segments of technology and also discussed those in our own language that what actually we would be able to understand from those abstracts. We also recommended what should be done to enhance technological use more. INTRODUCTION 1. Are the employees satisfied with the new technology? 2. How new technology motivate employee to do their work more? 3. How new technology increase employee motivation? 4. What are the employee attitudes toward new technology? 5. How close new technology change employee attitude toward organization? 6. What are the employee attitudes toward new technology)? These are the question which helps us to doing this report. Our main purpose is to know how the new technology satisfied the employee. How new technology motivate employee to do their work more. How new technology increase employee motivation. What are the employee attitudes toward new technology? What are the employee attitudes toward new technology? This question basically gives new answers and ideas as well. Answers of these questions will increase organizations productivity as well as will reduce the rate of turnover. When we will enter in our job sector or in the corporate world being as a HR manager it will be easy for us to take the big decisions whether my employees are motivated by the new technology or not, whether they are satisfied with the technological change or not. How employees react with the new technology? This research is not the final as practical experience and the theoretical assessment is totally two different scenarios. METHOD To begin the report, we needed to at fast found some specific question on technology. From there we found some key word. For example technologys relation with motivation, satisfaction, attitude performance, and health .from this topic we found some more to the point questions. Then by browsing through several website like INFORMA WORLD, GOOGLR we found some related abstract of this question. We acknowledged the knowledge of researchers. This is how we made this report. RESULT 1. Science and technology for wealth and health in developing countries Author: T. Acharya a Publication Frequency: 6 issues per year Published in: Global Public Health, Volume 2, Issue 1 January 2007 , pages 53 63 Subjects: AIDS HIV; Behavioral Medicine; Development Soc Sci; Globalisation; Health Geography; Health Policy; Medical Sociology; Public Health Medical Sociology; Risk; Third World Studies; Formats available: HTML (English) : PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract It is now widely accepted that the developing world needs to invest in science and technology or risk falling behind as the technology gap between the North and South widens. However, these investments must be balanced by continued investment in basic population-wide services, such as healthcare and water supply and sanitation. Achieving this balance is a matter of ongoing debate in policy circles, and leaders and policy-makers in developing countries often have to make difficult decisions that pit investment in new technologies and capacity-building in science and technology against basic population-wide services such as healthcare and water supply and sanitation. The tension is underscored by evidence which suggests that rapidly industrializing economies, like in China, India and Brazil, are actually experiencing a rise in economic and health disparities among their populations. This article shows that science and technology can make an important and vital contribution to develop ment, using public health as an example. It suggests the need to focus investments in science and technology in such a way that they can have a positive impact on public health. For instance, the use of simple, hand-held molecular diagnostic tools can help unskilled health workers rapidly and accurately diagnose diseases, thus helping to reduce healthcare costs due to delayed or incorrect diagnoses. Recombinant vaccines can mitigate the risk of infection associated with live or attenuated vaccines, while needle-less delivery methods can help contain the spread of blood-borne infections. Critical to making technology investments work for population health are government policies and strategies that align public health goals and technology priorities. Such policies can include cross-sectoral training programs to improve dialogue between the technology and health sectors, setting up technology transfer cells to increase commercialization of health research relevant to local needs, and leveraging the phenomenon of low-margin high-volume marketing for health products. 2. A theoretical model of health information technology usage behavior with implications for patient safety Authors: Richard J. Holden ab; Ben-Tzion Karsh a Publication Frequency: 6 issues per year Published in: Behaviour Information Technology, Volume 28, Issue 1 January 2009 , pages 21 38 First Published: January 2009 Subjects: Behavioral Psychology; Health Safety Aspects of Computing; Human Computer Interaction; Human Performance Modelling; Social Aspects of Computing IT; User Interface; Web Usability; Formats available: HTML (English) : PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract Primary objective: Much research and practice related to the design and implementation of information technology in health care has been atheoretical. It is argued that using extant theory to develop testable models of health information technology (HIT) benefits both research and practice. Methods and procedures: several theories of motivation, decision making, and technology acceptance are reviewed and associated theory-based principles of HIT usage behaviour are produced. Main outcomes and results: the case of medical error reporting technology is used to support the validity of the proposed HIT usage behaviour principles. Further, combining these principles produces a testable, theoretical multilevel model of HIT usage behaviour. The model provides an alternative to atheoretical research and practice related to HIT. Conclusions: developing, testing, and revising models of HIT like the one presented here is suggested to be beneficial to researchers and practitioners alike. 3. The Effect of New Technologies on Job Satisfaction and Psychosomatic Complaints Authors: James P. Guthrie a; Patrick C. Flood b; Wenchuan Liu c; Sarah MacCurtain Publication Frequency: 12 issues per year Published in: The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Volume 20, Issue 1 January 2009 , pages 112 125 Subject: Personnel and Human Resource Management; Formats available: HTML (English) : PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract This study investigated the effects of new technologies, specifically visual display units, on psychosomatic complaints and job satisfaction. Attention was focused on the influences of the work situation (job contents, employee participation), of attitudes and individual differences. A partly longitudinal research design was used to study 171 employees of seven companies (involved in construction, office work, and simple services). Measurements were taken 2 months before and 12 months after the conversion to new technologies. Job contents and employee participation were measured by objective instruments. New technologies increased psychosomatic complaints and changed job satisfaction, but the degree of change in these two variables depended on job contents, level of employee participation, and gender. Interactions between type of activity, participation, and gender were found and discussed as typical signs of the work situation with new technologies. Furthermore, effects of work wi th new technologies were interrelated with attitudes and individual differences. While the implementation of new technology as such made no significant contribution to the explanation of strain variables, a reasonable model fit was achieved when implementation characteristics were taken into account. The data suggest that negative effects of implementations must be expected if (1) adaptational demands do not include the enhancement of employee qualifications, (2) character-based user interfaces are not replaced, and (3) employees have few or no opportunities to participate in the implementation process. 4. Employee attitudes toward new technology in a unionized manufacturing plant Authors: Laszlo A. Pook a; M. Ellen Pook; Jaacutenos Fuumlstoumls b (Show Biographies) Publication Frequency: 4 issues per year Published in: Journal of East-West Business, Volume 6, Issue 3 March 2001 , pages 93 110 Formats available: PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract: The most important elements that influence how employees view technological change within organizations are formal advance notices of new technology, pre-existing job and power structure differences during the implementation of the changes, and work environment. Employee attitudes toward new technology in the workplace are more strongly affected by organizational rather than technical factors as commonly thought. Labor unions, contrary to popular belief, view technological change positively, and can be a contributing factor to the facilitation of change within the firm. 5. Effects of the implementation of information technology on employees strain and job satisfaction Authors: Christian Korunka; Oliver Vitouch Publication Frequency: 4 issues per year Published in: Work Stress, Volume 13, Issue 4 October 1999 , pages 341 363 Subjects: Behavioral Medicine; Health Psychology; Occupational/Industrial Health Safety; Office Workplace; Work Organizational Psychology; Formats available: PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract The effects on staff of the implementation of new office information technology were investigated in ten companies in Vienna using a longitudinal design. Strain and satisfaction of 331 employees (implementation sample: n = 212; control sample: n = 119) were measured at five points in time over a period of 22 months. The study is based on a context-dependent approach. Personal factors (individual differences, external load) were assessed by questionnaires and situational factors (job design, implementation content and implementation context) by objective measures. The impact of these factors on employees strain responses was tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). While the implementation of new technology as such made no significant contribution to the explanation of strain variables, a reasonable model fit was achieved when implementation characteristics were taken into account. The data suggest that negative effects of implementations must be expected if (1) adaptation d emands do not include the enhancement of employee qualifications, (2) character-based user interfaces are not 6. The effects of new technology adoption on employee skills in the prosthetics profession Authors: H. Wagner a; A. Dainty b; R. Hague a; C. Tuck a; M. H. Ong a Publication Frequency: 24 issues per year Published in: International Journal of Production Research, Volume 46, Issue 22 November 2008 , pages 6461 6478 First Published: November 2008 Subjects: Logistics; Manufacturing Engineering; Manufacturing Industries; Manufacturing Technology; Operations Management; Production Quality Control Management; Production Research Economics; Production Systems; Production Systems Automation; Formats available: HTML (English) : PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract Rapid manufacturing (RM) is an emerging technology that is set to revolutionize how products are manufactured. Past research has centred on processes, materials and costing, neglecting the vital issue of how the implementation of this new technology will affect the skills of workers. This work aims to evaluate how the skills of professionals working in the field of prosthetics are likely to be affected by the introduction of RM. Currently a highly skilled, manual process, this paper explores the hypothesis that the manufacture of prosthetic sockets would change fundamentally with the introduction of RM technology. This was evaluated through the use of the job characteristics model, which assesses the skills change and job satisfaction implications of applying new technology to traditional manufacturing processes. Conclusions showed that RM would have a significant impact on job roles in the prosthetics industry. Analysis found a positive outlook for the prosthetist, with the new te chnology increasing computer-based skills, and traditional prosthetic skills continuing to be used. The prosthetic technician bears the major impact 7. Risks in new product development and the satisfaction of Employees through technology Author: O. Joseph Akomode Published in: Production Planning Control, Volume 10, Issue 1 January 1999 , pages 35 47 Subjects: Engineering Project Management; Manufacturing Engineering; Operational Research; Operations Management; Production Quality Control Management; Production Systems; Quality Control Reliability; Abstract quately determined, poorly structured, under evaluated and vaguely expressed, problems may be increased in the subsequent risk management programme. This paper discusses the evaluation of risk elements associated with the development ofnew products/servicesand proposes a risk assessment method/ model for: (a) selecting potential products/services as a When risk factors associated with the development of a new product/service and customers satisfaction are inade tive mechanism; and (b) monitoring and measuring customers satisfaction. The main aims are to assist managers and other professionals with an analytical framework based on the potential of Information Technology (IT) for: (i) effective evaluation of business risks relating to the prediction and development of new products/services; and (ii) monitoring, measurement, feedback and control of customers satisfaction. The proposed method and models include the application of: (a) multicriteria decision making involving the Analyti c Hierarchy Process (AHP); (b) statistical computation involving Cronbachs reliability coefficient; and (c) survey validity. The proposed framework may support business risk evaluators concerned with the development of new products/services and the assessment of customers satisfaction in effective decision making, especially when attempting to improve a firms competitiveness and increase its profitability. Keywords: Risk; Evaluation; New; Product; Development; Analytic; Hierarchy; Process; Measuring; Customers; Satisfaction; Reliability/validity 8. The intention behavior gap in technology usage: the moderating role of attitude strength Authors: A. Bhattacherjee a; C. Sanford b b Department of MIS, College of Commerce, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan Published in: Behaviour Information Technology First Published on: 29 January 2009 Subjects: Behavioral Psychology; Health Safety Aspects of Computing; Human Computer Interaction; Human Performance Modelling; Social Aspects of Computing IT; User Interface; Web Usability; Abstract Extant theories of information technology (IT) usage present users behavioural intention as the primary predictor of their IT usage behaviour. However, empirical evidence reveals only a low-to-medium effect size for this association. We call this inconsistency the ‘intention-behaviour gap, and argue that a clearer understanding of this gap requires a deeper theoretical examination of the conditions under which intentions may or may not influence behaviour. Drawing on recent attitude theoretic research in social psychology, we distinguish between two types of attitudes strong versus weak and suggest that the intention-behaviour association may hold for users with strong attitudes but is likely to be weaker for those with weak attitudes. Using the elaboration-likelihood model, we propose two dimensions of attitude strength relevant to the IT usage context personal relevance and related expertise and theorise them to moderate the intention-behaviour association in a positive manner. Results from a longitudinal field survey of document management system usage among governmental employees at Lviv City Hall, Ukraine support our theoretical hypotheses. Theoretical and practical implications of our findings are discussed. 9. The Influence of Technology-Enabled Customer Relationship Management on Customers Attitude toward Service Quality and Loyalty Authors: Hee â€Å"Andy† Lee a; Carolyn U. Lambert b b Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA Published in: Journal of Foodservice Business Research, Volume 11, Issue 4 December 2008, pages 363 381 Abstract The main objective of this study was to test empirically the Paraguayan and Growls quality-value-loyalty chain model (2000) in a restaurant context. The quality-value-loyalty chain model integrates the importance of relationships between technology and customers, employees, and the company. Survey participants were asked to evaluate scenarios describing a restaurant experience where customized services were provided through information technology and without customized services. The principal finding was that participants evaluated service quality in the customized service setting higher and the assurance factor had a positive linear relationship with attitude toward personal information utilization by a service provider. Keywords: Customer relationship management (CRM); loyalty; service quality; perceived value; quality-value-loyalty chain model 10. Office Technology and Employee Attitudes Authors: Ronald Graef a; Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi a; Susan McManama Gianinno a Publication Frequency: 4 issues per year Published in: Leisure Studies, Volume 2, Issue 2 1983 , pages 155 168 Subjects: Leisure Studies; Social Geography; Formats available: PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract The relationship between office computerization and employee gender and organizational level remains relatively unexplored. Based on earlier findings, this study predicted that individual attitudes towards technology would differ according to social background variables and the type of technology used. A survey of 81 office employees confirmed this and found that personal computers had effects statistically different from word processors and mainframe terminals. The implications for researchers as well as practitioners are discussed 11. Measuring intrinsic motivation in everyday life Authors: Urs E. Gattiker, Barbara A. Gutter ,Dale E. Berger Publication Frequency: 3 issues per year SUBJECT: Office Technology and Employee Attitudes Published in: International Journal of Production Research, Volume 46, Issue 22 November 2006 , pages 461 478 First Published: November 2006 Abstract The question of motivation — of what makes people behave the way they do — has always been a primary concern. Since Thorndikes Law of Effect was published in 1911, the reasons for and the prediction of human (and animal) behavior has been extensively researched. The purpose of this paper is to expand motivational research by applying a newly developed research technology to an area of human behavior that has so far not been studied systematically, namely, everyday experiences. Specifically, we are interested in exploring two basic questions about motivation: 1. how often do people describe their everyday experiences as being free and intrinsically motivating; and 2. what is the relationship between intrinsically rewarding experiences and psychological well-being, or the overall sense of satisfaction with ones life 12. Task technology fit and individual performance Author : Dale L. Goodhue Information and decision sciences University of Minnesota Subject: Task Technology Fit and individual performance Minneapolis. MN 55455 U.S.A Abstract A key concern in information system research has been to better understand the linkage between information system and individual performance. The research reported in this study has two primary objectives. (1) To propose a comprehensive theoretical model that incorporates valuable insights from two complementary streams of research and (2) To empirically test the core of the model. At the heart of the new model is the assertion that for an information technology to have a positive impact on individual performance 13. Technologist-entrepreneurs versus non-entrepreneurial technologists: analysis of motivational triggering factors Authors: Erkko Autio a; Ilkka Kauranen a Published in: Entrepreneurship Regional Development, Volume 6, Issue 4 October 1994 , pages 315 328 Subjects: Economic Geography; Entrepreneurship; Regional Geography Human Geography; Abstract Here the motivational characteristics of technologist-entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurial technologists are compared. A factor analysis divides entrepreneurial motivations into four groups: exploitation of environmental opportunities, internal personal motivations, technology push motivations, and market pull motivations. The analysis suggests that, of these, internal personal motivations may be decisive for the decision to establish a new firm. While non-entrepreneurial technologists stress the importance of environmental, opportunities, technologist-entrepreneurs stress the importance of internal personal motivations. Technology push motivations and market pull motivations do not seem to distinguish technologist-entrepreneurs from non-entrepreneurial technologists. These findings have implications for the efforts to encourage the formation of new, technology-based firms in research communities. It is recommended that, in addition to designing support programmes aimed at encoura ging researchers to establish new firms, increased effort should be directed at attracting potential entrepreneurs to research institutions. This aim can be achieved, for example, by working conditions in the research institutions emulating those of the science park. 14. The Influence of Technology-Enabled Employee Relationship Management on Employees Attitude Toward Service Quality and Loyalty Authors: Hee â€Å"Andy† Lee a; Carolyn U. Lambert b Published in: Journal of Foodservice Business Research, Volume 11, Issue 4 December 2008 , pages 363 381 Subjects: Behavioral Psychology; Health Safety Aspects of Computing; Human Computer Interaction; Human Performance Modelling; Social Aspects of Computing IT; User Interface; Web Usability; Abstract The main objective of this study was to test empirically the Parasuraman and Grewals quality-value-loyalty chain model (2000) in a restaurant context. The quality-value-loyalty chain model integrates the importance of relationships between technology and customers, employees, and the company. Survey participants were asked to evaluate scenarios describing a restaurant experience where customized services were provided through information technology and without customized services. The principal finding was that participants evaluated service quality in the customized service setting higher and the assurance factor had a positive linear relationship with attitude toward personal information utilization by a service provider. 15. The Intention-behavior gap in technology usage: the moderating role of attitude strength Authors: Laszlo A. Pook a; M. Ellen Pook; Jaacutenos Fuumlstoumls b (Show Biographies) Publication Frequency: 4 issues per year Published in: Journal of East-West Business, Volume 6, Issue 3 March 2001 , pages 93 110 Formats available: PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract Extant theories of information technology (IT) usage present users behavioral intention as the primary predictor of their IT usage behaviour. However, empirical evidence reveals only a low-to-medium effect size for this association. We call this inconsistency the ‘intention-behaviour gap, and argue that a clearer understanding of this gap requires a deeper theoretical examination of the conditions under which intentions may or may not influence behaviour. Drawing on recent attitude theoretic research in social psychology, we distinguish between two types of attitudes strong versus weak and suggest that the intention-behaviour association may hold for users with strong attitudes but is likely to be weaker for those with weak attitudes. Using the elaboration-likelihood model, we propose two dimensions of attitude strength relevant to the IT usage context personal relevance and related expertise and theorise them to moderate the intention-behaviour association in a positive manner. Results from a longitudinal field survey of document management system usage among governmental employees at Lviv City Hall, Ukraine support our theoretical hypotheses. Theoretical and practical implications of our findings are discussed. DISCUTION 1. Developing world needs to improve technology to compete with the developed countries and getting the facility of work as well. This article shows that science and technology can make an important and vital contribution to development, using public health as an example. It suggests the need to focus investments in science and technology in such a way that they can have a positive impact on public health This study explained the topic dividing it into 4 parts, (1) Primary objective, (2) . Methods and procedures, (3) Main outcomes and results, (4) Conclusions. Using these three points much research and implication has been completed. several theories of motivation, decision making, and technology acceptance are reviewed and associated theory-based principles of HIT usage behavior are produced 3. Here the main findings is effects of new technologies, specifically visual display units, on psychosomatic complaints and job satisfaction. Basically it drew the Attention which was f ocused on the influences of the work situation (job contents, employee participation), of attitudes and individual differences 4. How employees view technological change within organizations are formal advance notices of new technology, pre-existing job and power structure differences during the implementation of the changes, and work environment that is the prime focus in this abstract. Employee attitudes toward new technology in the workplace are more strongly affected by organizational rather than technical factors as commonly thought. This study is basically context dependent approach where there is a survey on ten companies mentioned here and also mentioned the longitudinal design of Vienna. The implementation of new technology as such made no significant contribution to the explanation of strain variables; a reasonable model fit was achieved when implementation characteristics were taken into account. This was evaluated through the use of the job characteristics model , which assesses the skills change and job satisfaction implications of applying new technology to traditional manufacturing processes. The prosthetic technician bears the major impact, deskilled by the loss of many of the craft skills. However, the new role may appeal to the younger generation, and lowered skill requirements may help increase prosthetics services worldwide. The proposed framework may support business risk evaluators concerned with the development of new products/services and the assessment of employee satisfaction in effective decision making, especially when attempting to improve a firms competitiveness and increase its profitability. Drawing on recent attitude theoretic research in social psychology, we distinguish between two types of attitudes strong versus weak and suggest that the intention-behaviour association may hold for users with strong attitudes but is likely to be weaker for those with weak attitudes. The principal finding was that particip ants evaluated service quality in the customized service setting higher and the assurance factor had a positive linear relationship with attitude toward personal information utilization by a service provider. This study predicted that individual attitudes towards technology would differ according to social background variables and the type of technology used 11. The purpose of this paper is to expand motivational research by applying a newly developed research technology to an area of human behavior that has so far not been studied systematically, namely, everyday experiences. Specifically, we are interested in exploring two basic questions about motivation The research reported in this study has two primary objectives. To propose a comprehensive theoretical model that incorporates valuable insights from two complementary streams of research and To empirically test the core of the model. At the heart of the new model is the assertion that for an information technology to ha ve a positive impact on individual performance. Technology push motivations and market pull motivations do not seem to distinguish technologist-entrepreneurs from non-entrepreneurial technologists. These findings have implications for the efforts to encourage the formation of new, technology-based firms in research communities. To test empirically the Parasuraman and Grewals quality-value-loyalty chain model (2000) in a restaurant context is the main objective of this study. The quality-value-loyalty chain model integrates the importance of relationships between technology and customers, employees, and the company. 15. Drawing on recent attitude theoretic research in social psychology, they distinguish between two types of attitudes strong versus weak and suggest that the intention-behaviour association may hold for users with strong attitudes but is likely to be weaker for those with weak attitudes. Using the elaboration-likelihood model, they propose two dimensions of a ttitude strength relevant to the IT usage context personal relevance and related expertise and theorise them to moderate the intention-behaviour association in a positive manner. CONCLUSION At the end of this report we have actually gathered a bulk amount of knowledge about the technology and its effect on employees behavior, attitude, and health. Not only that how basically technology motivates the employees and employees become interested to do their work. Through this research we have also come to know that how the big authors and writers think about the effect of technology on those factors. This is a life time research as when we will enter our practical life in job sector we will be able to covert ourselves through this report. Recommendation After going through the whole report we have noticed that there are two kinds of effect one is positive and the other one is negative. Here we will say what employee should do in our language indeed. We should not be wholly dependent on technology. We should know the proper use of technology otherwise it will not motivate us to show better performance. We should be careful about our health as technology has some negative impact on health. Employee motivation, attitude and job satisfaction should not be all technology oriented other wise if some day technology crash employee satisfaction will go downwards. Obviously the technology which will be used for employee motivation, attitude, job satisfaction that should be environment friendly. REFERANCE 1. Author: T. Acharya a Publication Frequency: 6 issues per year Published in: Global Public Health, Volume 2, Issue 1 January 2007 , pages 53 63 Subjects: AIDS HIV; Behavioral Medicine; Development Soc Sci; Globalisation; Health Geography; Health Policy; Medical Sociology; Public Health Medical Sociology; Risk; Third World Studies; Formats available: HTML (English) : PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions 2. Authors: Richard J. Holden ab; Ben-Tzion Karsh a Publication Frequency: 6 issues per year Published in: Behaviour Information Technology, Volume 28, Issue 1 January 2009 , pages 21 38 First Published: January 2009 Subjects: Behavioral Psychology; Health Safety Aspects of Computing; Human Computer Interaction; Human Performance Modelling; Social Aspects of Computing IT; User Interface; Web Usability; Formats available: HTML (English) : PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions 3 . Authors: James P. Guthrie a; Patrick C. Flood b; Wenchuan Liu c; Sarah MacCurtain Publication Frequency: 12 issues per year Published in: The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Volume 20, Issue 1 January 2009 , pages 112 125 Subject: Personnel and Human Resource Management; Formats available: HTML (English) : PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions 4. Authors: Laszlo A. Pook a; M. Ellen Pook; Jaacutenos Fuumlstoumls b (Show Biographies) Publication Frequency: 4 issues per year Published in: Journal of East-West Business, Volume 6, Issue 3 March 2001 , pages 93 110 Formats available: PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions 5. Authors: Christian Korunka; Oliver Vitouch Publication Frequency: 4 issues per year Published in: Work Stress, Volume 13, Issue 4 October 1999 , pages 341 363 Subjects: Behavioral Medicine; Health Psychology; Occupational/Industrial Health Safety; Office Workplace; Work Organizational Psychology; Formats available: PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions 6. Authors: H. Wagner a; A. Dainty b; R. Hague a; C. Tuck a; M. H. Ong a Publication Frequency: 24 issues per year Published in: International Journal of Production Research, Volume 46, Issue 22 November 2008 , pages 6461 6478 First Published: November 2008 Subjects: Logistics; Manufacturing Engineering; Manufacturing Industries; Manufacturing Technology; Operations Management; Production Quality Control Management; Production Research Economics; Production Systems; Production Systems Automation; Formats available: HTML (English) : PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions 7. Author: O. Joseph Akomode Published in: Production Planning Control, Volume 10, Issue 1 January 1999 , pages 35 47 Subjects: Engineering Project Management; Manufacturing Engineering; Operational R esearch; Operations Management; Production Quality Control Management; Production Systems; Quality Control Reliability; 8. Authors: A. Bhattacherjee a; C. Sanford b b Department of MIS, College of Commerce, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan Published in: Behaviour Information Technology First Published on: 29 January 2009 Subjects: Behavioral Psychology; Health Safety Aspects of Computing; Human Computer Interaction; Human Performance Modelling; Social Aspects of Computing IT; User Interface; Web Usability; 9. Authors: Hee â€Å"Andy† Lee a; Carolyn U. Lambert b b Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA Published in: Journal of Foodservice Business Research, Volume 11, Issue 4 December 2008 , pages 363 381 10. Authors: Ronald Graef a; Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi a; Susan McManama Gianinno a Publication Frequency: 4 issues per year Published in: Leisure Studies, Volume 2, Issue 2 1983 , pages 155 168 Subjects: Leisur e Studies; Social Geography; Formats available: PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions 11. Authors: Urs E. Gattiker, Barbara A. Gutter ,Dale E. Berger Publication Frequency: 3 issues per year SUBJECT: Office Technology and Employee Attitudes Published in: International Journal of Production Research, Volume 46, Issue 22 November 2006 , pages 461 478 First Published: November 2006 12. Author: Dale L. Goodhue Information and decision sciences University of Minnesota Subject: Task Technology Fit and individual performance Minneapolis. MN 55455 U.S.A 13. Authors: Erkko Autio a; Ilkka Kauranen a Published in: Entrepreneurship Regional Development, Volume 6, Issue 4 October 1994 , pages 315 328 Subjects: Economic Geography; Entrepreneurship; Regional Geography Human Geography; 14. Authors: Hee â€Å"Andy† Lee a; Carolyn U. Lambert b Published in: Journal of Foodservice Business Research, Volu me 11, Issue 4 December 2008 , pages 363 381 Subjects: Behavioral Psychology; Health Safety Aspects of Computing; Human Computer Interaction; Human Performance Modelling; Social Aspects of Computing IT; User Interface; Web Usability; 15.Authors: Laszlo A. Pook a; M. Ellen Pook; Jaacutenos Fuumlstoumls b (Show Biographies) Publication Frequency: 4 issues per year Published in: Journal of East-West Business, Volume 6, Issue 3 March 2001 , pages 93 110 Formats available: PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions https://www.informaworld.com https://www.google.com https://www.teamtechnology.co.uk/employee-motivation.html

Helvetica Typography and 20th Century - 2093 Words

Name: Shane Crudden 2A Module: Design Theory Title: 20th Century Visual Communication Date of submission: 13/12/10 Word Count: 1939 Typography: Helvetica. â€Å"The 20th century was a time of social, cultural and technological revolution and change. Inevitably this had an effect on visual communication of the time.† One of the key factors in typography that I believe to be central to the development and progression of visual communication in the 20th century is the typeface Helvetica. â€Å"The Helvetica typeface is one of the most ubiquitous design classics of all time in 2007 it was their 50th anniversary.† â€Å"Eduard Hoffman and Max Miedinger a feculence designer who had been an employee of the Hass type family in Munchenstein in†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"It was not until the development of the Leica camera in the 1920’s that the war photographer achieved a state of mobility and speed appropriate to the subject.† It helped keep a record of the violent times in the war. Before the Leica, cameras were big and heavy and taking pictures was limited. Due to the invention of the Leica camera photography has changed. The Leica camera is light compact and you had more freedom and flexibility. You were now able to take photos from all different angles. The Leica was the first 35mm compact camera and was developed and manufactured at the Leitz company by Oskar Barnack. â€Å"it had the distinctive size of the Ermanox and a wide aperture on its excellent Leitz lenses, but more important, used a length of 35mm motion picture film. This allowed the sequential shooting of up to 36 exposures, instead of the single image taken in the Ermanox. The impact on professional as well as amateur photography was profound† A man who used the Leica was Alexandr Mikhailovich Rodchenko a painter and a photographer. â€Å"In 1927 Rodchenko bought himself a Leica which, because of its handy format and quick operation, became his preferred tool for his work. 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Inevitably this had an effect on visual communication of the time.† One of the key factors in typography that I believe to be central to the development and progression of visual communication in the 20th century is the typeface Helvetica. â€Å"The Helvetica typeface is one of the mostRead MoreGraphic Design Style Of The Victorian Era1681 Words   |  7 PagesIn the past years, their have been dramatic changes that have influenced the development of graphic design since the 19th century. Going back to 1900, after the Industrial Revolution in the Victorian Era there was a social and economic change as the world developed. There was the first printed book and first movable type, there were new printing press, first san-serifs, and first brand loyalty. However, with their ability to easily recreate designs, they replaced craft mans with cheaper and fasterRead MoreCase Study On A Designer Paula Scher1494 Words   |  6 PagesAssessment 4:Case Study on a Designer Paula Scher Paula Scher is one of the most well known and influential postmodern graphic designer for over 30 years. In 1970, Scher began developing her eclectic, playful and expressive approach to design and typography, using it to convey content and create identity. Scher has been designing record covers, advertisements, identities and environmental graphics for a broad range of clients such as CBS Records, Atlantic Records, American Institute of Graphic DesignRead MoreThe Natural Evolution Of Readability And How It s Progression Reached Its Pinnacle Before The Beginning Of Post Modernism1989 Words   |  8 PagesVisual communication is the interaction of meanings and thoughts through visual stimuli. Usually in 2D visual communication covers a wide range of genres including art, ideograms, typography, photography, illustration, graphic design and many others. In this essay I will try to evidence the natural evolution of readability and legibility in visual communication and how it’s progression reached its pinnacle before the beginning of post-modernism. I will look as far back as the first known instancesRead MorePostmodernism : Modernism And Postmodernism1472 Words   |  6 Pagesof production and the message of the artworks. Postmodernism was full of emotion and had the rule breaking of Dadaist and the â€Å"artists as engineer† ideology of constructivists. Postmodernism is more seen in the end of the 19th century and the second half of the 20th century and its literal meaning is â€Å"After Modern† which also shows how sequential and in order this time period is. Postmodernist designers explored the subjectivity of design, the open-ended attitude towards design, the history and politicalRead MoreThe Bauhaus And Its Impact On Architecture1800 Words   |  8 Pagespropaganda material of the German Communist Party. † In 1933, the teachers at the Bauhaus had decided to hold a meeting and together agreed to close the school down. The initial reasoning for the development of the arts school stemmed from the 19th century during the Industrial Revolution. During this time, industries transitioned from handmade crafting to machine manufacturing. Industries began manufacturing cheaper copies of handmade luxury goods which ultimately lead to a loss of need for the artsRead MoreGraphic Design Of The Bauhaus School2872 Words   |  12 PagesTypography has evolved throughout recent centuries to become one of the most exciting and adaptable forms of communication in graphic design. One of the most important stepping stones in the development of typography was the ground-breaking art school called the Bauhaus. During this remarkable period of change, nestled between the two World Wars, the Bauhaus helped to break the limits of traditional text and paved the way for modern typographic design. This innovative art school was opened in 1919Read MoreEssay about Summary of History of Graphic Design by Meggs14945 Words   |  60 Pagesare logograms meaning that each character represents an entire word (like $ = dollar). - Paper, a Chinese invention, is attributed with the high government official Ts’ai Lun. - Ts’ai Lun’s method of making paper was unchanged until nineteenth century England. - After the invention of paper, the Chinese also began to use it for wrapping presents, wallpaper, napkins and toilet paper. - Printing was invented by the Chinese. - The first method of printing was block printing, using stamps. - Rubbings